The Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence on Student’s Social Empathy at STIKOM Batam
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to examine the influence of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence on the social empathy of students at STIKOM Batam. The research employed a quantitative approach using a correlational survey design. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to 100 students selected using probability sampling techniques. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination (R²). The findings indicate that emotional intelligence has a positive and significant effect on students' social empathy. Spiritual intelligence also has a positive and significant effect on students' social empathy. Simultaneously, emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence significantly influence students' social empathy. These findings suggest that strengthening emotional and spiritual intelligence can contribute to improving students' social empathy and support character development in higher education.
Article Details
Section
References
Aini, Q., Talib, S. G., Alghazali, T., Ali, M. H., Sahi, Z. T., Kumar, T., Muda, I., Ramírez-Coronel, A. A., & Sunarsi, D. (2023). Spiritual intelligence, spiritual health and occupational stress in Islamic organisations. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 79(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v79i1.8228
Amram, Y. J. (2022). The Intelligence of Spiritual Intelligence: Making the Case. In Religions (Vol. 13, Number 12). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13121140
Ancelot, R., & Fontaine, H. (2018). Developing Spiritual Intelligence: Some New Evidence. In International Journal of Islamic Management and Business (Number 7).
Andrei, O. (2023). Enhancing religious education through emotional and spiritual intelligence. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 79(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v79i1.7887
Anwar, S., & Rana, H. (2024). Spiritual intelligence and psychological wellbeing of Pakistani University students. Current Psychology, 43(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04717-8
Audrin, C., & Audrin, B. (2023). More than just emotional intelligence online: introducing “digital emotional intelligence.” Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154355
Bru-Luna, L. M., Martí-Vilar, M., Merino-Soto, C., & Cervera-Santiago, J. L. (2021). Emotional intelligence measures: A systematic review. In Healthcare (Switzerland) (Vol. 9, Number 12). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121696
Costa, A., & Faria, L. (2025). Implicit Theories of Emotional Intelligence and Students’ Emotional and Academic Outcomes. Psychological Reports, 128(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231183327
D’Amico, A., & Geraci, A. (2023). Beyond emotional intelligence: The new construct of meta-emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1096663
Fidelis, A., Moreira, A. C., & Vitória, A. (2024). Multiple perspectives of spiritual intelligence: A systematic literature review. In Social Sciences and Humanities Open (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100879
Hajncl, L., & Vučenović, D. (2020). Effects of measures of emotional intelligence on the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. Psihologijske Teme, 29. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.29.1.7
Ionașcu, D. D., Piele, M. D., Panisoara, I. O., & Lazăr, I. M. (2025). The Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS): Examining Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance in a Sample of Romanian Employees. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.70594/brain/16.4/31
Issah, M. (2018). Change Leadership: The Role of Emotional Intelligence. SAGE Open, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018800910
Martínez-Rodríguez, A., & Ferreira, C. (2025). Factors influencing the development of emotional intelligence in university students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-025-00956-4
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., Sitarenios, G., & Escobar, M. R. (2024). How many emotional intelligence abilities are there? An examination of four measures of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112468
Pinto, C. T., Guedes, L., Pinto, S., & Nunes, R. (2024). Spiritual intelligence: a scoping review on the gateway to mental health. In Global Health Action (Vol. 17, Number 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2362310
Puluhulawa, C. W. (2013). Kecerdasan Emosional dan Kecerdasan Spiritual Meningkatkan Kompetensi Sosial Guru. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v17i2.2957
Rahmawaty, A., Rokhman, W., Bawono, A., & Irkhami, N. (2021). Emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and employee performance: The mediating role of communication competence. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3754.2021
Samul, J. (2020). Emotional and spiritual intelligence of future leaders: Challenges for education. Education Sciences, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10070178
Urumsah, D., Wicaksono, A. P., & Pratama, A. J. P. (2016). Melihat jauh ke dalam: Dampak kecerdasan spiritual terhadap niat melakukan kecurangan. Jurnal Akuntansi & Auditing Indonesia, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.20885/jaai.vol20.iss1.art5
Wijaya, I. S., Tahir, M., Armella, R., & Abdi, A. M. (2025). The Role of Spiritual Intelligence in Developing Individual Emotional Intelligence In Interacting Based on An Islamic Perspective. Pharos Journal of Theology, 106(3). https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.106.301
Zhou, Z., Tavan, H., Kavarizadeh, F., Sarokhani, M., & Sayehmiri, K. (2024). The relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and student achievement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medical Education, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05208-5