Reconstruction Of The Paradigm Of Contemporary Islamic Education For Character Strengthening And Digital Literacy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64540/5rg5f347Keywords:
Contemporary Islamic Education, Paradigm Reconstruction, Character Education, Digital Literacy, Adab, Digital CitizenshipAbstract
The development of digital technology, artificial intelligence, social media, and increasingly complex information ecosystems has transformed the educational landscape while introducing new challenges to students’ character development. Islamic education is no longer sufficient when viewed merely as a process of transmitting religious knowledge. Instead, it needs to be reconstructed as a process of developing individuals who are knowledgeable, well-mannered, critical, adaptive, and responsible in digital spaces. This study aims to analyze the need for reconstructing the paradigm of contemporary Islamic education and to formulate an integrative framework that connects Islamic values, character education, and digital literacy. The study employs a library research approach, using content analysis to examine conceptual literature, scholarly articles, educational policy documents, and international digital competency frameworks. The analysis indicates that the paradigm of contemporary Islamic education needs to shift from a knowledge-transmission orientation toward a transformative-humanistic paradigm that positions adab, integrity, responsibility, critical thinking, self-regulation, and digital citizenship as interconnected competencies. This reconstruction produces the conceptual model of Adab–Knowledge–Digital Literacy–Character–Action (AKDCA), a framework that positions adab as the normative foundation, knowledge as the epistemic basis, digital literacy as an operational and critical competency, character as a moral disposition, and action as an ethical manifestation. Theoretically, this model expands the concept of Islamic education by integrating spiritual-moral dimensions with digital competencies. Practically, it can serve as a foundation for developing curricula, pedagogical approaches, teacher competencies, and assessment practices in Islamic education in the digital era.
Downloads
References
Afriansyah, W. (2024). Islamic Character Development in Education. Journal of Educational Education, 3(2), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.55656/jpe.v3i2.289
Agustín, D., Tafonao, T., Simanjuntak, M. U., Visnhu, A. H., Sinukaban, E., Zalogo, W., Situmeang, T. M., & Gulo, Y. (2023). Fostering Character and Ethical Values through Christian Religious Education to Foster the Morals of Students of SMP Negeri 28 Batam. Journal of Scientific Service Citra Bakti, 4(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.38048/jailcb.v4i1.1461
Aiyetoro, A. I., Ali, A. O., & Petra, N.-A. (2024). A Review of the Impact and Challenges of Hikmah Pedagogy in Teaching and Learning Environment. Journal of Research and Assessment of E-Science Education, 8(1), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.36312/esaintika.v8i1.1657
Alkouatli, C., Memon, N., Chown, D., & Sai, Y. (2023). Something More Beautiful: Educational and Epistemic Integrations Beyond Inequities in Muslim-Minority Contexts. Journal for Multicultural Education, 17(4), 406–418. https://doi.org/10.1108/jme-05-2022-0062
Alquaary, M. A., Ali, O. A., & Fayez, H. (2026). A Critical Scoping Analysis of Digital Media Literacy Research in Selected Arab and International Journals (2016–2025). Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2026.1746718
Alvarado-Cáceres, E. J., Vásquez-Vásquez, L. M., & Fernández-Bedoya, V. H. (2025). Financial Education and Personal Finance: A Systematic Review of Evidence, Context, and Implications From the Spanish Language Academic Literature in Latin America. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(8), 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18080455
Anthony, F.-V., & Lourdunathan, A. C. (2025). Public Religious Pedagogy Amidst Religious Pluralism: Qualitative Study Among Hindu and Muslim Educators in Salesian Institutions of Tamil Nadu, India. Religions, 16(5), 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050646
Arar, K., Sawalhi, R., & Yilmaz, M. (2022). The Research on Islamic-Based Educational Leadership Since 1990: An International Review of Empirical Evidence and a Future Research Agenda. Religions, 13(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13010042
Baguinat, P., & A, J. J. (2026). Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Mathematics Education Research(2020-2025): From Student-Centered Personalization to Human–AI Pedagogical Intelligence in Mathematics Education. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10092422/v1
Barjesteh, H., Vijayaratnam, P., Isaee, H., & Manoocherzadeh, M. (2026). Bridging Criticality and Digital Literacy in the Age of AI: A Mixed-Method Comparative Study of Teachers’ and Learners’ Perceptions of Critical Digital Pedagogy in Iranian EFL Institutes. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8167945/v1
Budiyono, S., & Haerullah, H. (2024). The Impact of Technology on Learning in the 21st Century. Tsaqofah, 4(3), 1790–1800. https://doi.org/10.58578/tsaqofah.v4i3.3005
Castro, T. S. (2026). Children’s Voices Across Time: Peer Networks, Parental Ambivalence, and Hidden Practices Online. Children & Society, 40(5), 1118–1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.70051
Chrostowski, M. (2026). Artificial Intelligence in Christian Religious Education: A Scoping Review. Religions, 17(8), 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080991
Cortesi, S., Hasse, A., Lombana-Bermúdez, A., Kim, S., & Gasser, U. (2020). Youth and Digital Citizenship+ (Plus): Understanding Skills for a Digital World. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557518
Cremer, K., Kloppenberg, F. W., Vanhommerig, J. W., Dijksman, L. M., Bode, N., & Donkervoort, S. (2022). The Effect of Surgical Strategy in Difficult Cholecystectomy Cases on Postoperative Complications Outcome: A Value-Based Healthcare Comparative Study. Surgical Endoscopy, 36(7), 5293–5302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-021-08907-y
Cucci, F., Marasciulo, D., Romani, M., Soldano, G., Cascio, D., Nunzio, G. D., Caldararo, C., Rubbi, I., Vitale, E., Lupo, R., & Conte, L. (2025). The Contribution of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Education: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Nursing Reports, 15(8), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080283
Dewanti, R., Febri, B., & Solihat, D. (2022). Digital Literacy in Vocational High School English Learning Materials. English Review Journal of English Education, 10(2), 667–678. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i2.6305
Dulkiah, M., Nurdin, A. A., Majid, A., & Adianto, T. (2026). The Role of Muslim Community Participation in Mediating the Influence of Ukhuwah, Amanah and Islamic Value on Community Development. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9100001/v1
Elshani, A., & Rrecaj, B. T. (2023). Building a Resillient Digital Society of Young Europeans: An Assesment of Kosovo’s Standing and Needs for a Digital Citizenry. Citizenship Social and Economics Education, 22(3), 172–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/14788047231225624
Fransiska, W. (2023). Pre-Service Teachers’ and Teacher Educators’ Beliefs About Tell and Digital Citizenship in Elt. Pedagogi Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 9(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.47662/pedagogi.v9i2.610
Fuadi, M. A., Hasyim, F., Kholis, M. N., Zulhazmi, A. Z., & Ibrahim, R. (2021). Strengthening Religious Moderation to Counter Radicalism at IAIN Surakarta. Al-Tahrir Journal of Islamic Thought, 21(2), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v21i2.3102
Gandolfi, S. (2003). Islamic Education in Black Africa. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 43, 261–277. https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.199
Gu, R., Deng, G., Jiang, Y., Jiang, C., & Xu, G. (2018). Area of the Cone Interdigitation Zone in Healthy Chinese Adults and Its Correlation With Macular Volume. BMC Ophthalmology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0862-7
Gupta, M., & Kaul, S. (2024). AI in Inclusive Education: A Systematic Review of Opportunities and Challenges in the Indian Context. Mier Journal of Educational Studies Trends & Practices, 429–461. https://doi.org/10.52634/mier/2024/v14/i2/2702
Hadi, S. W., Anwar, C., Syahidu, A., & Efendi, I. (2021). Character Education or Adab? (An Offer to the Problem of Education in Indonesia). Tsaqafah, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v17i1.6661
Haque, J., Zulkifli, M. F. R., Ismail, N., Quraishi, M. A., Ghazali, M. S. M., Berdimurodov, E., & Nik, W. B. W. (2023). Environmentally Benign Water-Soluble Sodium L-2-(1-Imidazolyl) Alkanoic Acids as New Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Artificial Seawater. Acs Omega, 8(28), 24797–24812. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c00366
Hiele, T. M., Hiele, E. M., Hazarika, B., Halibas, A., & Ha, Q.-A. (2026). From Deskilling to Reskilling: Navigating AI Integration in Academic Practice in Higher Education. Review of Education, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.70187
Hunaidah, M., & Ikmal, I. H. (2023). The Urgency of Teachers' Digital Competence in PAI Learning at SMK NU Lamongan. Urwatul Wutsqo Journal of Education and Islamic Studies, 12(2), 164–178. https://doi.org/10.54437/urwatulwutsqo.v12i2.983
Ibrahim, M., Islam, S., Zohriah, O., & Azid, M. (2024). Addressing Contemporary Ethical and Moral Issues Through Islamic Education. Journal on Islamic Studies, 1(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.35335/kbbzar83
Insyirah, Y., Maksum, M. N. R., Jinan, M., & Husein, S. (2023). The Contribution of the Digital Era in the Social Life of Adolescent Millennials With Integrity: From the Perspective of the Quran Surah Al-Mujadilah Verse 11. 67–78. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-102-9_7
Khawani, A., Lessy, Z., Yulianti, J., & Sulistiawati, A. (2022). Character Education for Children in the Perspective of Hadith. Iqro Journal of Islamic Education, 5(2), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.24256/iqro.v5i2.3365
Khoiriyah, N., Makhshun, T., Muthohharoh, N. M., & Rusydiyah, E. F. (2023). Integrated Curriculum Model in Character Development Based on Sirah Nabawiyah. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 4(1), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v4i1.435
Kumari, M., Dey, K., Bera, S. K., & Lahiri, G. K. (2022). Indazole-Derived Mono-/Diruthenium and Heterotrinuclear Complexes: Switchable Binding Mode, Electronic Form, and Anion Sensing Events. Inorganic Chemistry, 61(40), 16122–16140. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02628
Kurniawan, H. (2021). The Multicultural Literacy Level of History Education Students in Understanding the History of the Indonesian National Movement. Agastya Journal of History and Its Learning, 11(1), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.25273/ajsp.v11i1.5592
Li, H. P., Suo, Z., Wu, C., Wider, W., Fauzi, M. A., Wu, H., & Sivaraman, S. (2026). Science Mapping of Lifelong Learning in the Digital Age: Current Trends and Future Prospects. European Journal of Education, 61(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70655
Mainuddin, M., Tobroni, T., & Nurhakim, M. (2023). The Thought of Character Education of Al-Ghazali, Lawrence Kolberg and Thomas Lickona. Attadrib Journal of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education, 6(2), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i2.563
Marzi, E. (2017). The Chain of Sisters. Archives of Social Sciences of Religions, 179, 233–254. https://doi.org/10.4000/assr.29663
Mia, M. H., Hossain, K. A., & Ali, M. M. (2026). Designing Ethical AI-Integrated Cybersecurity Education: A Qur’anic Values Informed Framework for Responsible Digital Learning. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9305391/v1
Nurhayati, R., Nur, T. B., Sudirman, P., Adillah, N., & Urva, M. (2024). Learning Dynamics of Islamic Religious Education Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Proceedings of the National Seminar of the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Iaim Sinjai, 3, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.47435/sentikjar.v3i0.3131
Nurohman, M. A., Kurniawan, W., & Andrianto, D. (2024). Innovation in Islamic Education to Develop a National Curriculum Towards the Local Genius 6.0 Concept of Internet of Things (IoT). Crossroad Research Journal, 99–117. https://doi.org/10.61402/crj.v1i4.178
Nursanti, N. N. P., Handayani, H., Paramita, C., Tofanie, S., & Ramadhan, A. R. (2023). The Urgency of Character Education in Shaping Critical Digital Citizenship. Educatio, 18(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.29408/edc.v18i1.14054
Oktavia, S., Syafrielia, D. T., Alhabibah, K. N., & Nandini, L. Q. (2023). Theological Inclusion: Between Religion and Technology in the Perspective of Naquib al-Attas. Al-Aufa Journal of Islamic Education and Studies, 5(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.32665/alaufa.v5i1.1790
Ong, J. X., Zandi, R., & Fawzi, A. A. (2021). Early-Stage Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 Vascular Abnormalities Are Associated With Interdigitation Zone Disruption. Plos One, 16(11), e0259811. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259811
Purnamaningsih, P. E. (2023). Challenges of Character Education in Schools in Online System Learning. Cakrawarti Scientific Journal, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.47532/jic.v6i2.868
Rahayu, W., Tazkiyah, E., Murtadho, N., & Arifin, S. (2023). The Role of Teacher Ethics in Developing Student Character in School. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 7(3), 546–557. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v7i3.55245
Rahmawati, F. (2023). Legal and Sharia Analysis in Digital Culture. Al-Hiwalah Journal of Sharia Economic Law, 2(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.47766/alhiwalah.v2i1.1473
Ramdhani, A., & Juanda, A. (2026). Redefining Holistic Education: Bridging Culture and Islamic Values Through the STREM-C Curriculum Model (A Systematic Literature Review). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9391094/v1
Rochmat, C. S., Susanti, C. P., & Maulaya, R. D. (2023). Actualization of Arabic Literacy for Pai Teachers to Support Pedagogical Competence from the Perspective of Umar Bin Khattab. Al Burhan Journal, 3(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.58988/jab.v3i2.238
Safitri, M. (2022). Strategies for Developing Soft Skills in PAI Learning at SMK Negeri 1 Praya. El-Hikmah Journal of Islamic Education Studies and Research, 16(2), 159–186. https://doi.org/10.20414/elhikmah.v16i2.6240
Sagala, K., Naibaho, L., & Rantung, D. A. (2024). The Challenges of Character Education in the Digital Era. Journal of Kridatama Science and Technology, 6(01), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.53863/kst.v6i01.1006
Şahin, A. (2018). Critical Issues in Islamic Education Studies: Rethinking Islamic and Western Liberal Secular Values of Education. Religions, 9(11), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9110335
Salahudin, S. (2024). Personal Education Through Islamic Religious Education in the Generation Zet. Council Education Journal of Social Studies, 2(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.59923/council.v2i1.62
Sari, R. P., & Safriadi, S. (2024). Professional Code of Ethics for Islamic Religious Education Teachers in the Context of Improving the Quality of Education in the Era of Society 5.0. Intellectualita, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.22373/ji.v13i1.20915
Silfia, A., Asroni, M., & Chanifudin, C. (2024). Growing Superior Character: Building Morality-Based and Ethical Education. Ijedr Indonesian Journal of Education and Development Research, 2(2), 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.57235/ijedr.v2i2.2492
Sions, J. M., Donohoe, M., Beisheim, E. H., Pohlig, R. T., Shank, T. M., & Nichols, L. R. (2022). Test–retest Reliability for Performance-Based Outcome Measures Among Individuals With Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05070-w
Solehuddin, D., Aminudin, L., & Nur'ainiyah, N. (2023). The Role of Teachers in Literacy-Based Character Education for Students in Class XI Religious and Ethical Education Subjects at SMKN 14 Bandung. Al-Hasanah Journal of Islamic Religious Education, 8(2), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.51729/82189
Soleimanieh, M. (2020). The daily life of students of the Hozeh of Qom. Archives of Social Sciences of Religions, 189, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.4000/assr.50102
Sudarmanto, E., Amarullah, A., Saleh, H., & Yusuf, S. R. (2023). Development of Learning Methods with the Concept of Science and Quran Synthesis (SSQ). Journal of Modern Islamic Studies, 9(02), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.56406/jkim.v9i02.290
Sugiarto, S., & Farid, A. (2023). Digital Literacy as a Way to Strengthen Character Education in the Era of Society 5.0. Cetta Journal of Education, 6(3), 580–597. https://doi.org/10.37329/cetta.v6i3.2603
Sukisno, S., Waston, W., AN, A. N., Mahmudulhassan, M., & Muthoifin, M. (2024). Parenting Problems in the Digital Age and Their Solution Development in the Frame of Value Education. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(8), 2024163. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024163
Suleymanova, A. (2026). Character Formation in the Age of Generative AI: Integrating Classical Islamic Educational Philosophy Into AI-Assisted Learning. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10776722/v1
Sulistyo, A., & Ismarti. (2022). The Urgency and Strategies of Strengthening Media and Digital Literacy in Islamic Religious Learning. At Turots Journal of Islamic Education, 3(2), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.51468/jpi.v3i2.75
Suprayogo, A., & Pandin, M. G. R. (2026). Ten Years Nexus Between Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Employee Performance: A Systematic Literature Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10070297/v1
Tounsi, M. (2016). Compulsory schooling in Algeria: ambitions and challenges. Revue internationale d'éducation de Sèvres, 73, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.4000/ries.5601
Umar, T. M., Chaerowati, D. L., & Drajat, M. S. (2023). Digital Literacy of Santri Through Islamic Boarding School Culture. Kne Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i18.14238
Verma, A., & Dhaigude, A. S. (2026). Bridging Theory and Practice: A Mixed-Method Exploration of AI’s Role in Higher Education. Sage Open, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440261417610
Verma, S., Bajpai, R., & Singh, I. (2026). Digital Resilience Among Children Born After 2010 a Systematic Review of Generation Alpha Research. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8741881/v1
Wiguna, K. A. (2023). Analysis of Digital Literacy Competency in Senior High School Teachers. Journal of Communication Management Research, 3(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.29313/jrmk.v3i1.2316
Wijayanto, A. (2022). Metaverse Technology Network. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/24fjw
Yahya, R. N., Azizah, S. N., & Herlambang, Y. T. (2024). Utilization of ChatGPT among college students: A review of technology ethics from a philosophical perspective. Journal of Information Technology Education, 1(2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.30812/upgrade.v1i2.3481
Yance, Z., Noor, H. M., & Sabri, M. F. (2026). Artificial Intelligence in Fine Arts Education: A Systematic Literature Review. Sage Open, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440261447959
Yusuf, I., & Kuswandi, D. (2023). Buya HAMKA Character Education: Understanding Traditional Values in Learning Science in the 21st Century Digital Era. Journal of Research in Instructional, 3(2), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.30862/jri.v3i2.300
Zahro', A., Khusnuridlo, M., Anam, S., Zaini, Z. A. H., & Muhith, A. (2023). SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Analysis of Character Education in Islamic Religious Education Learning Based on Skills in the 21st Century. Education Experts, 21(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.24036/pakar.v21i2.352
Zarkasi, Z., Djamil, A., Maarif, S., Ikhrom, I., Ismail, I., Raharjo, R., Fihris, F., & Sholeh, M. B. (2026). Artificial Intelligence in Islamic Religious Education and High School Teachers’ Perceptions of Digital Divides and Prophetic Ethics in Indonesia’s Global South. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10118069/v1
Zhong, J., & Zheng, Y. (2023). “What It Means to Be a Digital Citizen”: Using Concept Mapping and an Educational Game to Explore Children’s Conceptualization of Digital Citizenship. Heliyon, 9(9), e19291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19291








